Civismo como estrategia de prevención del acoso laboral en estudiantes de enfermería: Una revisión de la literatura / Civility as a prevention strategy for workplace bullying in nursing students: A review of the literatura

INTRODUCCIÓN El acoso laboral en estudiantes de enfermería afecta el bienestar de su salud física y mental dificultando el proceso de aprendizaje y la atención del paciente en el entorno clínico, disminuyendo su capacidad para prosperar y alcanzar su máximo potencial. OBJETIVO Conocer el civismo como estrategia de prevención, definiendo el concepto, y la promoción de una cultura de civilidad para que los estudiantes se desarrollen en ambientes educacionales positivos y puedan prosperar y alcanzar su máximo potencial. METODOLOGÍA Se realizó una revisión bibliográfica narrativa sistematizada, para lo cual se utilizaron las bases de datos PubMed, Science Direct y Epistmónikos, seleccionando 13 los artículos de acuerdo a criterio de inclusión y exclusión establecidos. RESULTADOS Se observa que en el 100% (13) de los artículos revisados se identificó la incivilidad o acoso laboral sufrida por estudiantes de enfermería durante su entorno clínico y en un 92% (12) de los estudios incentiva a formar una cultura de civismo en la educación en enfermería como estrategia para prevenir el acoso o incivilidad. El civismo puede ser implementado a nivel organizacional, de académicos y decanos y a nivel individual. CONCLUSIÓN Las organizaciones de educación en enfermería deben asumir la implementación de un cultura de civismo para promover la civilidad en los entornos de aprendizaje, donde lo primero que se debe realizar es implementar canales de comunicación efectiva, códigos de conducta profesional, y autorreflexión

INTRODUCTION Workplace bullying in nursing students affects the well-being of their physical and mental health, hindering the process of learning and patient care in the clinical environment, reducing their ability to thrive and reach their full potential. OBJETIVE Learn about civility as a prevention strategy, defining the concept, and promoting a culture of citizenship so that students develop in positive educational environments and can thrive and reach their full potential. METHODOLOGY A systematized narrative bibliographical review was carried out, for which the Pubmed, Science Direct and Epistmonikos databases were used, selecting 13 articles according to the established inclusion and exclusion criteria. RESULTS It is observed that in 100% (13) of the reviewed articles the lack of civility or workplace harassment suffered by nursing students during their clinical environment is identified and in 92% (12) of the studies it is encouraged. the formation of a culture of civility in nursing education as a strategy to prevent bullying or lack of civility. Citizenship can be implemented at the organizational, faculty and dean level, and at the individual level. CONCLUSION Nursing education organizations must assume the implementation of a culture of citizenship to promote citizenship in learning environments, where the first thing to do is implement effective communication channels, codes of professional conduct and self-reflection

Comportamentos destrutivos entre profissionais em centro cirúrgico: revisão integrativa da literatura / Inadequate behavior manifested by professionals in the surgical center: integrative literature review / Comportamiento inadecuado manifestado por profesionales del centro quirúrgico: revisión integrativa de la literatura

Objetivo: Identificar as evidências sobre comportamentos destrutivos manifestados ou presenciados por profissionais em centro cirúrgico. Métodos: Revisão integrativa da literatura, realizada nas bases de dados Literatura Latino-Americana em Ciências da Saúde, Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online e Base de Dados da Enfermagem, em novembro e dezembro de 2019, aos pares, sem recorte temporal, em português, inglês e espanhol. Na busca, foram utilizados termos e descritores, combinados entre si por meio dos operadores booleanos AND e OR. Resultados: Foram localizados 230 artigos. Após eliminação de duplicidades, aplicação dos critérios de inclusão e exclusão, e leitura, obteve-se amostra de 10. Da análise dos estudos, emergiram três categorias temáticas: Categoria 1 ­ Comportamentos destrutivos; Categoria 2 ­ Repercussões dos comportamentos destrutivos; Categoria 3 ­ Dispositivos para minimizar ambientes hostis. Conclusão: os comportamentos destrutivos têm repercussões organizacionais, laborais e pessoais, caracterizando um desrespeito sistêmico que causa danos tanto aos profissionais como aos pacientes. (AU)

Objective: Identify evidence of inadequate behavior manifested by professionals in the surgical center. Methods: An integrative literature review, carried out in the Latin American Literature in Health Sciences, Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online and Nursing Database databases, in November and December 2019, in pairs, without time frame, in Portuguese, English and Spanish. In the search, terms and descriptors were used, combined with each other through the Boolean operators AND and OR. R. Results: 230 articles were located. After elimination of duplicates, application of inclusion and exclusion criteria, and reading, a sample of 10 was obtained. From the analysis of the studies, three thematic categories emerged: Category 1 ­ destructive behavior; Category 2 ­ repercussions of inadequate behavior; Category 3 ­ devices for minimizing hostile environments. Conclusion: Inadequate behavior has organizational, labor and personal repercussions, and characterizes systemic disrespect that causes damage to both professionals and patients. (AU)

Objetivo: Identificar evidencias de conducta inadecuada manifestada por profesionales en el centro quirúrgico. Métodos: Revisión integradora de la literatura, realizada en las bases de datos de Literatura Latinoamericana en Ciencias de la Salud, Sistema de Análisis y Recuperación de Literatura Médica en Línea y Base de Datos de Enfermería, en noviembre y diciembre de 2019, en pares, sin marco temporal, en portugués, inglés y español. En la búsqueda se utilizaron términos y descriptores, combinados entre sí mediante los operadores booleanos AND y OR. R. Resultados: Se localizaron 230 artículos. Luego de eliminación de duplicados, aplicación de criterios de inclusión y exclusión y lectura, se obtuvo una muestra de 10. Del análisis de los estudios surgieron tres categorías temáticas: Categoría 1 - comportamiento destructivo; Categoría 2: repercusiones de un comportamiento inadecuado; Categoría 3: dispositivos para minimizar entornos hostiles. Conclusión: La conducta inadecuada tiene repercusiones organizativas, laborales y personales, y caracteriza la falta de respeto sistémica que causa daño tanto a los profesionales como a los pacientes. (AU)

Predictors of moral harassment in nursing work in critical care units / Predictores del acoso moral en el trabajo en enfermería en unidades de cuidados críticos / Preditores do assédio moral no trabalho da enfermagem em unidades de cuidados críticos

ABSTRACT Objectives: to analyze the predictors of moral harassment in nursing work in critical care units. Methods: a cross-sectional study conducted in a public hospital in Fortaleza, Ceará, with 167 nursing professionals in 2016. Sociodemographic/occupational questionnaire and Negative Acts Questionnaire Revised were applied. The analysis included descriptive statistics, measures of central tendency and dispersion, as well as Mann-Whitney, Kruskal-Wallis and Conover Inman U-tests for multiple comparisons. Results: there was a 33% prevalence of self-perception of moral harassment, highlighting personal/professional disqualification and work-related harassment. The predictors of moral harassment included age, time working in the job and time in the unit, employment relationship and sector. Conclusions: young professionals (< 30 years), cooperative, crowded in intensive care or emergency units, with less time working in the job (< 5 years) or greater time in the unit (above 10 years) are the biggest victims of moral harassment in the work of nursing in critical environments.

RESUMEN Objetivos: analizar los predictores de acoso moral en el trabajo en enfermería en unidades de cuidados críticos. Métodos: estudio transversal realizado en hospital público de Fortaleza, Ceará, con 167 profesionales de enfermería, en 2016. Aplicó encuesta sociodemográfica/ocupacional y Encuesta de Actos Negativos-Revisado. Análisis incluyó estadística descriptiva, medidas de tendencia central y dispersión, así como testes U de Mann-Whitney, Kruskal-Wallis y ConoverInman para comparaciones múltiples. Resultados: encontró prevalencia de 33% para autopercepción de acoso moral, destacándose descalificación personal/profesional y acoso relacionado al trabajo. Los predictores del acoso moral incluyeron edad, tiempo de formación y de actuación, vínculo laboral y sector. Conclusiones: profesionales jóvenes (< 30 años), cooperados, destinados en unidades de terapia intensiva o emergencia, con menor tiempo de formación (< 5 años) o mayor tiempo de actuación de la unidad (arriba de 10 años) son las mayores víctimas de acoso moral en el trabajo de la enfermería en ambientes críticos.

RESUMO Objetivos: analisar os preditores de assédio moral no trabalho da enfermagem em unidades de cuidados críticos. Métodos: estudo transversal realizado em hospital público de Fortaleza, Ceará, com 167 profissionais de enfermagem, em 2016. Aplicou-se questionário sociodemográfico/ocupacional e Questionário de Atos Negativos-Revisado. A análise incluiu estatística descritiva, medidas de tendência central e dispersão, bem como testes U de Mann-Whitney, Kruskal-Wallis e ConoverInman para comparações múltiplas. Resultados: encontrou-se prevalência de 33% para autopercepção de assédio moral, destacando-se desqualificação pessoal/profissional e assédio relacionado ao trabalho. Os preditores do assédio moral incluíram idade, tempo de formação e de atuação na unidade, vínculo empregatício e setor. Conclusões: profissionais jovens (< 30 anos), cooperados, lotados em unidades de terapia intensiva ou emergência, com menor tempo de formação (< 5 anos) ou maior tempo de atuação da unidade (acima de 10 anos) são as maiores vítimas de assédio moral no trabalho da enfermagem em ambientes críticos.

Predictors of moral harassment in nursing work in critical care units / Predictores del acoso moral en el trabajo en enfermería en unidades de cuidados críticos / Preditores do assédio moral no trabalho da enfermagem em unidades de cuidados críticos

ABSTRACT Objectives: to analyze the predictors of moral harassment in nursing work in critical care units. Methods: a cross-sectional study conducted in a public hospital in Fortaleza, Ceará, with 167 nursing professionals in 2016. Sociodemographic/occupational questionnaire and Negative Acts Questionnaire Revised were applied. The analysis included descriptive statistics, measures of central tendency and dispersion, as well as Mann-Whitney, Kruskal-Wallis and Conover Inman U-tests for multiple comparisons. Results: there was a 33% prevalence of self-perception of moral harassment, highlighting personal/professional disqualification and work-related harassment. The predictors of moral harassment included age, time working in the job and time in the unit, employment relationship and sector. Conclusions: young professionals (< 30 years), cooperative, crowded in intensive care or emergency units, with less time working in the job (< 5 years) or greater time in the unit (above 10 years) are the biggest victims of moral harassment in the work of nursing in critical environments.

RESUMEN Objetivos: analizar los predictores de acoso moral en el trabajo en enfermería en unidades de cuidados críticos. Métodos: estudio transversal realizado en hospital público de Fortaleza, Ceará, con 167 profesionales de enfermería, en 2016. Aplicó encuesta sociodemográfica/ocupacional y Encuesta de Actos Negativos-Revisado. Análisis incluyó estadística descriptiva, medidas de tendencia central y dispersión, así como testes U de Mann-Whitney, Kruskal-Wallis y ConoverInman para comparaciones múltiples. Resultados: encontró prevalencia de 33% para autopercepción de acoso moral, destacándose descalificación personal/profesional y acoso relacionado al trabajo. Los predictores del acoso moral incluyeron edad, tiempo de formación y de actuación, vínculo laboral y sector. Conclusiones: profesionales jóvenes (< 30 años), cooperados, destinados en unidades de terapia intensiva o emergencia, con menor tiempo de formación (< 5 años) o mayor tiempo de actuación de la unidad (arriba de 10 años) son las mayores víctimas de acoso moral en el trabajo de la enfermería en ambientes críticos.

RESUMO Objetivos: analisar os preditores de assédio moral no trabalho da enfermagem em unidades de cuidados críticos. Métodos: estudo transversal realizado em hospital público de Fortaleza, Ceará, com 167 profissionais de enfermagem, em 2016. Aplicou-se questionário sociodemográfico/ocupacional e Questionário de Atos Negativos-Revisado. A análise incluiu estatística descritiva, medidas de tendência central e dispersão, bem como testes U de Mann-Whitney, Kruskal-Wallis e ConoverInman para comparações múltiplas. Resultados: encontrou-se prevalência de 33% para autopercepção de assédio moral, destacando-se desqualificação pessoal/profissional e assédio relacionado ao trabalho. Os preditores do assédio moral incluíram idade, tempo de formação e de atuação na unidade, vínculo empregatício e setor. Conclusões: profissionais jovens (< 30 anos), cooperados, lotados em unidades de terapia intensiva ou emergência, com menor tempo de formação (< 5 anos) ou maior tempo de atuação da unidade (acima de 10 anos) são as maiores vítimas de assédio moral no trabalho da enfermagem em ambientes críticos.

The Effects of a Communication Program on Incivility, Critical Thinking, and Clinical Practice Stress Experienced by Nursing Students / 한국간호교육학회지

PURPOSE: To identify the effects of a communication program on nursing students' incivility, critical thinking, and clinical practice stress. METHODS: A randomized control group pretest-posttest study was conducted. Fifty randomly selected nursing students were divided into experimental and control groups. A 160-minute communication program was applied to the experimental group and a second survey was conducted two weeks later, shortly after their clinical practice. RESULTS: There was a statistically significant difference in the incivility experienced in the clinical practice after application of the communication program, and refusal in the sub-categories of incivility was statistically significant in this group. CONCLUSION: It is necessary to foster communication skills for nursing students. Communication programs reduce incivility. Therefore, nursing educators need to recognize the importance of communication during clinical practice and consider incorporating it into their regular curricula.

Effect of Incivility, Resilience, and Social Support Experienced by Nursing Students on Burnout in Clinical Practice / 여성건강간호학회지

PURPOSE: The purpose of the study was to determine effect of incivility, resilience, and social support experienced by nursing students on burnout in clinical practice. METHODS: Subjects were 140 nursing students who agreed to participate in this study. Collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, t-test, analysis of variance, Pearson's correlation and stepwise multiple regression with SPSS WIN 23.0 program. RESULTS: Burnout showed significantly positive correlation with incivility but significantly negative correlations with resilience and social support. Factors affecting burnout were satisfaction with major-dissatisfaction, satisfaction with major-average, social support, grade, and relationship with peers. Satisfaction with major (dissatisfaction) had the greatest effect on burnout, explaining 41% of the total variance. CONCLUSION: According to this study, dissatisfaction with major was identified as the most significant factor influencing burnout of nursing students in clinical practice. Therefore, it is important to develop and implement programs that can reduce dissatisfaction with major and increase social support and relationship with peers in order to lower burnout of nursing students. In addition, a systemic management of fourth-grade students with a high level of clinical practice is necessary to reduce the level of clinical practice. The authors declared no conflict of interest.

The Occurrence Background of Incivility Perceived by Nursing Students / 의료커뮤니케이션

PURPOSE: The purpose of this qualitative research is to explore the background of occurrence of perceived incivility by nursing students in clinical practice.METHOD: Data were collected through focus interviews and individual interviews were analysed using qualitative content analysis.RESULT: The results showed that three categories that represented the background of occurrence of incivility were scheme which is not cleared, position which is not settled and unequal relationship.CONCLUSION: Since the background of occurrence of perceived incivility is complex, So it is required to macroscopic approach to reduce the perceived incivility of the students in the clinical practice.

Threats to Identity: A Grounded Theory Approach on Student Nurses' Experience of Incivility during Clinical Placement / 간호학회지

PURPOSE: This qualitative study aimed to explore the experience of incivility among nursing students. METHODS: Sixteen nursing students who had experienced incivility during their clinical placement were invited for one-on-one interviews until the point of theoretical saturation. The grounded theory approach of Corbin and Strauss was adopted to analyze transcribed interview contents. RESULTS: Incivility occurred in the context of a hierarchical organizational culture, due to nursing students' position as outsiders, non-systematic clinical education, and poor nursing work environment. The experience of incivility was identified as “being mistreated as a marginal person,” and nursing students responded to this phenomenon in the following three steps: reality shock, passive action, and submissive acceptance. This process caused students to lose self-esteem and undergo role conflict. Furthermore, nursing students' experience of incivility could eventually lead to workplace bullying in nurses. CONCLUSION: The results of this study suggest that nursing students' experience of incivility can be a process that threatens their identity. It is necessary to develop educational programs and provide appropriate counseling services so that nursing students can actively cope with the incivility. In addition, institutional plans are needed to ensure safe and supportive clinical learning environments.

Workplace incivility among nurses in a national tertiary hospital

@#<p style="text-align: justify;">Incivility creates an environment of hostility among healthcare providers in the workplace, and undermines a culture of patient safety. Although this phenomenon is pervasive in the profession, nurses tolerate or ignore its occurrence due to inadequate knowledge, fear and lack of institutional policies. There are no empirical studies in the local context which explore incivility among nurses in the hospital setting. This study examined the sources and forms of incivility among nurses working in a hospital according to nurse-related variables. A descriptive, cross-sectional design was utilized. Respondents were asked to answer Nurse's Profile and Nursing Incivility Scale. A stratified random sampling was used. A sample of 280 nurses from different clinical nursing units in a national tertiary hospital completed the questionnaire. Incivility outcome was analyzed using One-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) according to nurse-related variables such as nursing designation, practice setting, type of clinical nursing unit and length of hospital work experience. Post-hoc analysis was performed using Tukey's Honestly Significant Difference. Data were collected from September to October 2017.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Majority of the participants are female (78 %) and single (50 %) with an average age of 36 years old (SD= 9.96, range 21-62). They are employed in the hospital for an average of 9 years (SD = 8.82). Most of the sample works in general clinical nursing units (68 %) in a service/ charity setting (57 %). More than half of the respondents are staff nurses (67%) who provide direct care (Nurse I/II) followed by charge nurses (Nurse III) (19%) and head and chief nurses (IV/VI) (13%). Significant in civil interactions were reported between nurses and their colleagues at work, physicians and patients and their families according to the nursing designation, practice setting, type of clinical nursing unit and length of work experience. The moderately in civil interactions were exhibited in the forms of inconsistent behaviors, hostile climate and displaced frustrations. Nurse-related variables have significant impact on in civil interactions in the hospital setting. Understanding the sources and forms of incivility is of paramount importance in mitigating its impact on healthcare delivery and patient outcomes, and developing relevant policies and interventions that protect the welfare of nursing workforce.</p>

Adaptação cultural e validação da Nursing Incivility Scale - NIS para Enfermeiros Brasileiros / Cultural adaptation and validation of the Nursing Incivility Scale - NIS for Brazilian Nurses

A Incivilidade no local de trabalho é definida como uma conduta divergente, com intenção obscura de prejudicar o outro, colega de trabalho, em descumprimento das regras de convivência profissional; algumas de suas manifestações são rudeza, descortesia, falta de consideração com os colegas, levando ao aumento do absenteísmo, diminuição da produtividade e até ao desligamento da vítima da instituição. O comportamento incivil na enfermagem recai particularmente sobre os profissionais recém-formados e, ainda, sobre os graduandos de enfermagem, pois são considerados mais suscetíveis, por serem mais jovens, com menor experiência de vida pessoal e profissional, mais inibidos para o confronto, tornando-os expostos aos "ataques" de incivilidade. Este estudo, de delineamento metodológico, quantitativo, tem como objetivos traduzir e adaptar culturalmente para o Brasil o instrumento Nursing Incivility Scale (NIS), bem como avaliar as propriedades psicométricas da versão brasileira em enfermeiros. A NIS é um instrumento americano, autoaplicável que permite o levantamento de diversas situações de incivilidades para com o enfermeiro, instigadas por diferentes sujeitos que participam do cotidiano no ambiente laboral hospitalar do enfermeiro. São 42 itens, distribuídos em 8 subescalas de situações de incivilidades, divididas em 5 instigadores da incivilidade para com o enfermeiro, apresentando a escala Likert de resposta. O estudo foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa sob o número 67446417.9.0000.5393 em 12 de julho de 2017. Para a adaptação cultural, seguiu-se as diretrizes recomendadas pela literatura: tradução da NIS para a língua portuguesa escrita e falada no Brasil; obtenção da primeira versão consensual em português; retrotradução; obtenção da versão consensual em inglês e comparação com a versão original; avaliação dos itens por um comitê de juízes e avaliação semântica da NIS; pré-teste da versão em português. A versão adaptada foi aplicada no período de janeiro e fevereiro de 2018, os dados foram coletados em três hospitais de grande porte, de atenção terciária em uma cidade da região sul do Brasil, a um total de 332 enfermeiros. A maioria dos entrevistados era do sexo feminino (89,2%) e com idade entre 22 a 39 anos (68,9%), sendo que 52,3% eram casados ou tinham união estável. Quanto as propriedades psicométricas, a Validade de Construto Convergente verificou a correlação de Pearson entre a NIS e o Inventário de Estresse em Enfermeiros - IEE, com ?=0,479 (p<0,001) demonstrando existência de correlação entre elas. A Validade de Construto foi verificada por meio da análise fatorial exploratória (AFE) e da analise fatorial confirmatória (AFC), com oito fatores, com variância de 0,77 no total, a análise com oito fatores sugeriu a exclusão do item 35, mantendo a escala com 42 itens. A fidedignidade foi investigada por meio da consistência interna, considerando que o Alfa de Cronbach para fatores 1 e 2 juntos foi de 0, 836 e para os fatores 3, 4 e 5 foi de 0,911. Assim pode-se concluir que a versão adaptada da Nursing Incivility Scale, para a realidade brasileira, apresenta resultados satisfatórios de validade e fidedignidade. Este estudo produziu novos conhecimentos científicos relevantes para o trabalhador enfermeiro, na avaliação inicial de incivilidade no ambiente de trabalho e pode oferecer às instituições hospitalares informações para aprofundar o tema entre seus colaboradores

Incivility in the workplace is defined as a divergent conduct with the obscure intention of harming a coworker, in violation of professional coexistence rules; sometimes it is manifested through rudeness, discourtesy, lack of consideration with coworkers, leading to increase in absenteeism, diminished productivity and even employment termination. Uncivil behavior in nursing falls particularly over recently graduated professionals, but also over undergraduate nurses, who are considered more susceptible as they are younger, with less personal and professional experience, more inhibited to confront, making them more prone to "incivility attacks". This study of methodological and quantifiable delimitation has the objective of translating and culturally adapting to Brazil the instrument Nursing Incivility Scale (NIS), evaluating the psychometrical properties of the Brazilian version in nurses. NIS is a self-applicable American instrument, which allows for the identification of several incivility situations toward nurses, instigated by different individuals that participate in the day-to-day activities of the nurse´s hospital work environment. There are 42 items, distributed in 8 subscales of incivility situations, divided in 5 instigators of incivility towards nurses, presenting the Likert scale of response. This study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee under number 67446417.9.0000.5393 in July 12, 2017. For the cultural adaptation, the following literature recommended directives were followed: (i) translation into Portuguese written and spoken in Brazil (ii) completion of the first consensual version in Portuguese (iii) retro translation; (iv) completion of the consensual version in English and comparison with the original version; (v) evaluation of the items by a committee of judges; (vi) semantical evaluation of the NIS; (vii) pretest of the Portuguese version. The adapted version was applied between January and February 2018, with data being collected in 3 large hospitals of tertiary care, in a large city in the South Region of Brazil, canvassing 332 nurses, most of which were female (89.2%), aged between 22 and 39 years old (68.9%), and 52.3% were married or had a stable relationship. Regarding the psychometric properties, the validity of the convergent construct was verified by the Pearson correlation between NIS and the Inventory of Stress in Nurses (Inventário de Estresse em Enfermeiros - IEE), with ?=0.479 (p<0.001) demonstrating the correlation between them. The validity of the construct was verified by the exploratory factorial analyses (EFA) and the confirmatory factorial analyses (CFA), with 8 factors, with a variance of 0.77 in total. The analyses with 8 factors suggested the exclusion of item 35, maintaining the scale with 42 items. The reliability was investigated through the internal consistency, considering the Alfa de Cronbach for factors 1 and 2 together of 0.836 and for factors 3, 4 and 5 of 0.911. We reached the conclusion that the version of the Nursing Incivility Scale adapted to the Brazilian reality presented satisfactory results of validity and reliability. This study produced new scientific knowledge relevant to nurses, in the initial appraisal of incivility in the workplace, and can provide hospital institutions with information that can help understand how this issue affects their workforce

Lo personal es político: coordenadas teóricas para analizar la discriminación laboral contra gays y lesbianas / The personal is poitical: theorethical hints to analyse the discrimination at work against gays and lesbians

Este artículo forma parte de la tesis de maestría del autor sobre la sociabilidad de gays y lesbianas en los espacios de trabajo de enfermería de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires. En primer lugar se enumeran ciertos hitos históricos vinculados con la visibilización de gays y lesbianas en la esfera pública y el reconocimiento del Estado de determinadas demandas. Luego se ofrecen datos de fuentes secundarias sobre las percepciones de discriminación en torno a la orientación sexual. Asimismo, se expone parte del planteo teórico referido a las siguientes categorías: discriminación, estrategias de manejo de la información personal, heterosexismo internalizado e incivismo selectivo para analizar las interacciones que establecen los y las trabajadores de enfermería gays y lesbianas con sus colegas, superiores y pacientes. Por último, se concluye sobre la necesidad de incluir variables socio-políticas en los estudios sobre discriminación en el trabajo, tales como la ley de matrimonio igualitario.

This paper is part of the author's master program's thesis, which focuses on gays and lesbians sociability within nursing workplaces in Ciudad de Buenos Aires. First, a list of historical facts related with the major visibility of gays and lesbians in the public sphere and the official recognition of the State is presented. Second, information from secondary sources about perceptions of discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation is given. Moreover, a part of the theoretical framework is exposed with focus on the categories of discrimination, personal information management strategies, internalized heterosexism and selective incivility, in order to analyse the interactions between gays and lesbians workers with their colleagues, superiors and patients. Finally, the importance of including socio-political variables in the studies of discrimination at work is highlighted, such as equal marriage acts.

Effect of Incivility Experienced by Clinical Nurses on Job Stress and the Moderating Effect of Self-efficacy / 간호행정학회지

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to analyze the effects of incivility experienced by clinical nurses on their job stress, and to identify the moderating effects of self-efficacy on the relationship between job stress and incivility. METHODS: A structured self-report questionnaire was used to measure job stress, incivility and self-efficacy. Data were collected from 140 nurses currently working in three general hospitals of more than 300 beds. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, ANOVA, Scheffé test, Pearson correlation coefficient, hierarchical multiple linear regression with the SPSS Version 19.0 program. RESULTS: Incivility from supervisors, patients and patients' families showed a significant effect on job stress and self-efficacy had an effect on incivility from patients and patients' families and also incivility from doctors and job stress. These variables have total explanatory power of 46.6% on job stress. CONCLUSION: The results indicate a need to recognize the seriousness and damage of incivility in order to reduce hospital nurses' job stress and to awaken nurses to the relationship of stress and incivility and establish institutional programs to combat incivility. Moreover, there is also a need to improve self-efficacy on the ward through hospital education and coaching.

Effects of Social Capital, Labor Intensity and Incivility on Job Burnout in Pediatric Nurses

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between social capital, labor intensity and incivility and effects the job burnout in pediatric nurses. METHODS: A survey is conducted with 186 nurses working in pediatric units at 10 hospital in B, Y, K city. The data was analyzed with SPSS 21.0 program using descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, Pearson's correlation coefficient, Scheffés test and multiple linear regression analysis. RESULTS: A score of 3.31 out of 5 for the level of social capital, a score of 3.16 out of 5 on the labor intensity, and 2.20 points on a 5point on incivility, 4.15 points on a 7 point on job burnout. Job burnout explained 21.7% of the variance in incivility, social capital-shared values, job satisfaction, and labor intensity. CONCLUSION: The findings indicate that the major factors effecting pediatric nurses job burnout are incivility. Thus, in order to reduce pediatric nurses job burnout are to investigate degree of incivility, it is nesessary to develop intervention programs to incivility and labor intensity that reduced organizational level of measures need to establish.

Effect of Nurses' Incivility Experienced by Nursing Student, Coping on Burnout in Clinical Practice / 간호행정학회지

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to identify the effects of nurse's incivility experienced by nursing students and coping against incivility on burnout in clinical practice. METHODS: A cross-sectional correlation study design was used. The subjects were 120 nursing student from four universities in Busan and Yangsan, South Korea. A self-report questionnaire was used to collect data on incivility, coping, and burnout. Finally total 117 nursing students' data was analyzed except 3 nursing students who had never experienced nurse's incivility for clinical practice. Data analyzed using descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation coefficient, independent t-test, ANOVA, and multiple regression. RESULTS: 97.5% of subjects (n=120) experienced incivility. Incivility was positively correlated with seeking social support coping, avoiding focused coping and burnout. Incivility and avoiding focused coping had a significant positive effect on burnout. The explained variance for burnout was 10.0% and avoiding focused coping was the most significant factor in burnout. CONCLUSION: Most of nursing students experience the nurses' incivility. Judging incivility as a difficult problem to solve, students use more avoiding focused coping strategy and burnout is increased. Therefore education is needed to improve the coping strategies at incivility. Additionally colleges and hospitals should establish the formal reporting system to handle the incivility.

Influencia de los estereotipos de género en la valoración del incivismo laboral / Influence of gender stereotypes in the rating of workplace incivility

Este estudio tuvo por objetivo explorar cómo influyen los estereotipos de género en las valoraciones de jóvenes estudiantes sobre las formas de incivismo laboral. Basándonos en la Teoría del Incivismo Selectivo y la Teoría del Rol Social se exploró la existencia de diferencias de género en la detección y tolerancia hacia diferentes formas de incivismo y la percepción de sus consecuencias. Participaron 800 estudiantes españoles (452 mujeres y 348 varones) en un experimento con diseño factorial entre sujetos donde se manipularon las formas de incivismo, el contexto laboral y el género del participante. Los resultados indicaron que mujeres y varones tuvieron valoraciones diferentes. Las mujeres siempre detectaron incivismo, mientras que los varones sólo cuando fue excluyente en lugar de ofensivo, y ambos toleraron menos el incivismo excluyente. Incluso, las mujeres percibieron que el incivismo excluyente reducía la satisfacción laboral en ingeniería y el bienestar emocional en enfermería, mientras que no hubo efectos significativos en varones. En conclusión, el estudio contribuye aportando desarrollos específicos sobre los estereotipos de género, el incivismo laboral, su incidencia y la sensibilización hacia la problemática.

The goal was to explore how gender stereotypes influence young students' ratings of the forms of workplace incivility. Drawing from the theory of selective incivility and the social role theory, the existence of gender differences in the detection and tolerance of different forms of incivility and the perception of its consequences were explored. Participants were 800 Spanish high school and professional training students (452 females and 348 males) in a between-subjects factorial design in which forms of incivility, gender dominated work domain, and participants' gender were manipulated. The results indicated that females and males gave different ratings. Females always detected incivility whereas males only detected it when it was exclusive than offensive, and both genders tolerated exclusive incivility to a lesser extent. In fact, females perceived that exclusive incivility reduced job satisfaction in engineering and emotional well-being in nursing, whereas no significant effects were found in males. To conclude, the study contributes specific developments about gender stereotypes, workplace incivility, its incidence, and sensitization towards the problem.

Las relaciones interpersonales en el lugar de trabajo como demandas y recursos laborales: un modelo de burnout y engagement / Workplace relantionships as demands and resources: a model of burnout and work engagement

Este trabajo investiga la relación existente entre los encuentros interpersonales en el trabajo y las experiencias de burnout y engagement en una muestra longitudinal de personal de enfermería canadiense (N = 472). Basado en el modelo de demandas y recursos laborales (JD-R), los autores plantearon la hipótesis de que las demandas del lugar de trabajo (es decir, el incivismo) están relacionadas con las principales escalas de burnout y cinismo, mientras que los recursos (es decir, el civismo) están relacionados con la eficacia profesional y el engagement. Además se hipotetizó que el incivismo instigado está asociado positivamente con el incivismo percibido. A través de un análisis de ecuaciones estructurales se pudo descubrir que los datos se ajustan mejor a un modelo JD-R al que se le hicieron algunas modificaciones y que respalda la idea de que las demandas están estrechamente relacionadas con el agotamiento y el cinismo, mientras que los recursos están vinculados con la eficacia y el engagement. Contrariamente a lo esperado, el incivismo instigado está relacionado con la falta de civismo entre colegas, en vez de vincularse con el incivismo en el lugar de trabajo. Por último, se discuten las implicaciones de estos hallazgos para las posibles intervenciones.

This study investigates the relationship between workplace interpersonal encounters and the experiences of burnout and work engagement in a longitudinal sample of Canadian nurses (N = 472). Based on the Job Demands-Resources (JD-R) model, the authors hypothesized that workplace demands (i.e., incivility) are related to the core burnout scales of exhaustion and cynicism while resources (i.e., civility) are related to professional efficacy and work engagement. Additionally, instigated incivility was hypothesized as being positively associated with experienced incivility. A structural equation analysis found that the data best fit a slightly revised JD-R model that supported demands being closely linked to exhaustion and cynicism, while linking resources with efficacy and engagement. Contrary to expectations, instigated incivility was related to a lack of coworker civility rather than workplace incivility. The implications of these findings for potential interventions and future research are discussed.

Incivismo en el lugar de trabajo: un nuevo factor de estrés laboral / Workplace incivility: a new factor of job stress / Falta de civismo no sítio de trabalho: um novo fator de estresse de trabalho

El siguiente trabajo presenta una revisión sobre el constructo "incivismo" en el lugar de trabajo. Se retoma el origen de este constructo, las definiciones, conceptos, diferencias con otros constructos de comportamientos contraproducentes en el trabajo, el proceso de escalada en forma de espiral que se puede dar para transformarse en otras formas más severas de conflicto laboral como mobbing, entre otros. Igualmente, se hace mención de las características personales y organizacionales que fomentan el "incivismo" en el lugar de trabajo, las estrategias organizacionales para prevenirlo y los instrumentos y estudios relacionados con el tema hasta el momento. Por último, se hace referencia del impacto de este nuevo constructo sobre el bienestar de la persona y la organización al considerársele como un nuevo factor de estrés laboral.

The following paper presents a review about the construct of Workplace Incivility. The origin of this construct, its definitions, concepts and differences with other counterproductive work behavior constructs are analyzed, as well as the process of its escalation in the form of a spiral that can be transformed into other forms of job conflict such as mobbing. This article, also examines the personal and organizational characteristics that foment Workplace Incivility, the organizational strategies for preventing it and the instruments and studies related to the topic that have been developed up to the present. Finally, this review describes the impact that this new construct is having on the person's and the organizational well-being as a new factor of job distress.

Neste artigo foi revisado o construto "falta de civismo" no sítio de trabalho. Foi retomada a origem deste construto, as definições, os conceitos, as diferenças com outros construtos de comportamentos contraproducentes no trabalho, o processo de escalada em espiral que pode ocorrer para transformar-se em conflitos de trabalho mais severos, como o mobbing, entre outros. Assim mesmo são mencionadas as características pessoais e organizacionais que levam a promover a "falta de civismo" no sítio de trabalho, as estratégias organizacionais para evitá-lo e as ferramentas e estudos relacionados com este tema até hoje. Por último, se refere ao efeito deste novo construto no bem-estar da pessoa e da empresa por considerar-se um novo fator de estresse de trabalho.